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(No Model.) isheets shget 1.

. J. GAMGE-E. .Thermo Dynamic. Engine, I I I 'No. 240,400,.PatentedApri'I 19,1881.

I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I i I l I I WITNIBSIIS INVENTOR kinATTORNEIYC.

4 Shets-Sheet 2.

(No Model.)

J. GAMGEE.

Patented April 19,1881.

my v a. am? e V a V .m F g n E G 1 m a n V. D 0 m r e h 0 6% 0 V A 0 4 2m N WITNESSES I INVENTOR 4 Sheets-Sheet 8. J. GAMGEIEL, Thermo DynamicEngine.

Patented April 19,1881.

(No Model.)

(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

J. GAMGEE- Thermo Dynamic Engine. No. 240,400. v Patented April 19,1881.

WITNFBSES v I Q INVEiITOR I ATTORNEY UNITED STATES PATENT OFFIC JOHNGAMGEE, or LONDON,'ENG-LAND.

THERMO-DYNAMIC ENGlNE.

srncr'ncs'rron forming part of Letters Patent No. 240,400, dated April19, 1881. Y

Application filed To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, J ormGamma, of Lon don. England, at present residing in the city ofWashington, District of Columbia,.have in ventedcertaiu new and usefulImprovements in Thermo-Dynamic Engines, or, more particularly stated, inthe method of and apparatus for using a liqueliable gas or vapor at lowtemperature as a motor fluid, of which the following is a specification.

My in ention relates to the employment, as a motor fluid, ot aliquefiable gas or vapor of adequate tension, the product of aliquidwhich boils at or near the temperatnreof surrounding objects. I findthat by working such a gas or vapor expansively in one or moreengins-cylinders its heat can be converted tosuch an extent intomechanical energy or motion that at the exhaust it will have returned,in great measure, to its original liquid conditiou, from which state itmay be again caused to assume the condition of a motor vapor or gas byexposing it to the needed temperature. It is this feature-viz, theworking of such a vaporor gas expansively to the extent of more or lesscomplete liquefaction and then reconverting it from the liquid tothevapor-- ous or gaseous condition for use again as a motor fluidwhichmainly characterizes my invention. The vapor having expended its energyand' being mostly liquefied by the conversion of its heat into motion,is discharged from the engine=cyliuder into a closed exhaust-vesselprotected or insulated from euvironing heat. The maintenance of 1 theexhaust at the boilingpoint for atmospheric pressure or thereabont) oi.the liquid used may beinsured in various ways-for instance, by means ofan injector or pump. By the injector or pump, or both, --the' cooledvapor is forced into an apparatus, for convenience sake termed a boiler,where it is exposed to the temperature needed to re-' store it to itsoriginal tension, and thence returns to the engine,

It will thus be seen that it is my object ,to obtain in a motor-enginethe conditions of a closed circuit with a liquid boiling at. a lowtemperature relatively to water transformed into vapor, the molecularenergy of which is 1 m'ospheres; heat, it reaches over 8,000millimeters, or over converted into the mass or molar motion of February26, 1881.- (No modem.

the piston, so that its initial condition is re-' stored. In this way,in a heat-engine,'l extend the temperature within which the heat isutilized downward in the direction of the absolute zero, instead ofupward above the temperature of surrounding objects.

The intense heat of boiler-furnaces, the internal work-- heatnecessaryto the'formatipn of water-steam, the abundant exhaust waste ofthe steam-engine, difliculties of lubrication,- &c., are one and allavoided by my invention.

The cycle I propose can be performed more or less satisfactorily withalmost any liquid yielding expansive vapor belowthe tempera-. ture atwhich water boils; but in developing most power with most compactapparatus it is essential to use a compound which has a maximum amountof latent heatwhich I find in practice most available forthis purpose isanhydrous ammonia, .the boilingpoint of which, at' atmospheric pressure,appreaches closely to 344 centigrade. At 0 centigrade its vapor tensionis 3,183.34millimeters, or about *four atmospheres, while'at 10 itattains to 4,574.03 millimeters, or six atmospheres. Whenthe meantemperature attains 20 centigrade no less a pressure is exerted than6,387.78 millimeters, or nine atand at 30.centigrade, or'tropical tenand one-half atmospheresiu tension. Since at blood-heat two hundredpounds to the square inch-is available, it is evident that the usualtemperature of' ocean or river water is most desirable in practice andbest, in my opinion, when below 20 centigrade.

he latent heat of ammonia is about 900 as against 960 'for water. It is.this latent heat which Iuse in developing energy. so as .to reduce theamount of rejected heat to a minimum and obtain a maximum rate of tion.Although high pressures are attainable atlow temperatures, it willalways be found best in practice to work below rathor'than. over onehundred pounds to the square inch.

From the fact that I-utilize heat in this system downward to 0 ccntigrade and below to-' ward absolute zero, I propose, for convert Theagent I I liquefacan apparatus adapted to carry'into effect myinvention. I wish it to be understood, however, that I do not restrictmyself to the particnlar construction and combination of parts whichcompose the apparatus, for these may be varied to suit specialconditions, so long as the apparatus as a whole is adapted to carry on};the cycle of operations hcreinbetorc speci-' Figure 1 is a sideelevatiompartly in section. Fig. 2 is a plan of the apparatus. Fig. 3 isa section on line as m, Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a section on line 1 3 Fig. 1.Fig. 5 is a view of a modification hereinafter referred to.

The engine shown in the drawings is a den: ble-cylinder rotary engine, Bbeing the first or high-pressure cylinder, and B the second orlow-pressure cylinder, into which the first cylinder exhausts throughpipe (1. ,As seen in section, Fig. 3, the gas or vapor enters thecylinder B through the valve a and sliding division-port a, which runsincontac-t with the eccentric rotary piston C in the usual way. Theadmission-valve is operated from the rocking valve-rod a? in the usualway,sa id rod having an arm, a, which bears against the rotatingadjustable cutoff cam b, whose shaft b is r0- tated through the mediumof eccentrics and connecting-rods from the main shaft D in'the ordinarymanner. The exhaust-portof the first cylinder is shown at d incommunication with the exhaust-pipe d, which leads to the gasor vaporadmitting valve of the second cylinder, 13. The latter, with itsaccessories, is similar, except in size, to the first cylinder, B, theshaft D being common to both, and the two cylinders are combinedtogether the same way as the two cylinders of anordinary compound ordoub e-cylinder rotary englue.

The pipe 0 conducts vapor to the primary cylinder B from the dome A. ofthe part A, which, for convenience sake,

will be termed the boiler, hereinafter described.

The exhanstpipe f from the second cylinder, B, leads into the closedexhaust-vessel E. This vessel receives, through the exhaust-pipe theliquefied vapor and gas from the-second cylinder. f

From the upper part of the exhaust-vessel leads a pipe, g, to the largercylinder, .F, of a compound or double cylinder rotary pump, F F, drivenby the rotary shaft D. The larger of these pump-cylinders is shown insection. in

and which will be Fig. 4., The smaller or high-pressure cylinder,"

F, with its accessories, is the counterpart of the other, and has itsinduction-port in communication with thceduction-port of the largercylinder through the intermediary of I pipe h. The eduction-port of thesmaller cylinder, F, communicates, through pi pc h, with the space in'boilcr A, which receives the liquid from which the motor-gas or vaporis to be generated. The pump being of known description, and the arrowsin Fig. 4 indicating plainly the direction of motion and the inductionand passing through the for operation in theliquefiable gas or it,rises. In so doing it lifts a eduction, further description of thisinstrumentality is unnecessary.

Boiler A is a metallic shell, containing at each end an inner hollowhead, A, and'a space, z, between that head and the outer head, A, toreceive the liquid-preferably water-which takes the place of fuel asaheater for the liquid ammonia. Pipes j lead from one space i to theother, passing through without having communication with the hollowinner heads, A. Into the space 1' on one side enters the water-inductionpipe 1', and from the opposite space 1' leads a water-eduction pipe, 1".Water entering through pipe i will circulate through spaces 11 and pipesj, and will pass out through a. The interiors k of the in communicationby means ofpipes I, each of which surrounds'concentricallyone of thepipes j, and is suflicientlylarger to leave between it and the pipej anannular space, through which the ammonia can pass from vone space k tothe other. The water is permitted by proper means to circulate, not onlythrough pipes j, but also around the exterior of the ammonia- .pipes z.Alternatin partitions m are formed in the spaces 7:, so that theammonia-vapor" shall be caused to follow a tortuous path in pipes l andspaces k.

The edu ion-pipe ,h' from the pump leads into the lower part 0 one ofthe spaces 1:, and through this pipe. the pump discharges into theammonia-space of the boiler Aany amniouia vapor or gas that may be inthe exhaustvessel E. v v

From the bottom of the exhaust-vessel leads a pipe, 12., whichcommunicates with the lower part ofthe otherone of the spaces k, andthrough this pipe is conducted from the exhaust into the boiler theammonia which has liquefied by reason of the conversion of its heat intomechanical energy. In order to force the liquid into theboilerImakeuseofan injector, (indicated at G,)'nsing as motive power therein ajet of ammonia gas or vapor athigh pressure, obtained from. an auxiliaryboiler is supplied with ammoniaby means of a small steam or otherpowcr-driyen .pump, I, which draws the supply of ammonia needed fromsome suitable part of the apparatus-in this instance from the lower partof boiler A, through a pipe, 0, and forces it in to theauxiliary boilerthrough pi pc 0. The boiler His stayed by bolts or-tic-rods p, to resistpressure, and heat is supplied to the ammoniait contains by vmeans of asystem of piping, r s. Heated watcr, supplied from any suitable source,enters the space r through pipes r, thence passes up through the pipesr, thencc'down through the outer coneentric'pipes, a, which are closedat their upper ends, into space '8, and out through pipe 8. Am monia-vapor at high pressure can be thus generated, the vapor passing from theboiler to the in jcctor through a pipe, t. In the pipe t, or upper partof the boiler, is a regulating or safety when the pressure exceeds theprescribed limpivoted lever,

hollow heads A are ammonia-boiler, H. This valve, t, which, I

[: for instance, to one-tenth of the stroke.

t", attached to'a connecting-rod, t, which at its. lower end, isattached to the valve '0', that reguto be understood without furtherexplanation.

Theoperation is as. follows: The ammonia gas or vapor passes from theboiler into thesmaller or high-pressure cylinder, where it is workedexpansively, the cut-oil being adj usteId,

11 thus expanding and doing work the gas parts with its "heat to aconsiderable extent. It

thence exhausts into the second or lower pressure-cylinder,.where it iscut off at,-'say, one- :0 half the stroke,'and is thus caused todofurther work expansively. The resnltis thatgthe vapor, by. the time itpasses from the second cylinder into the exhaust, has been almostentirely liquefied, only an exceedinly small pm 2 5 portion of theammonia retaining vaporousform. The engine thus may be said to act notonly as amotor, but as the condenser. From the exhaust-vessel theammonia is,.-by'means of the compound pump and injector, forced backinto the boiler to be again broughtto the condition of a motor gas orvapors In Fig. 5 is represented in further illustration of my invention,a plan of an apparatus in which acompound reciprocating engine andcompound reciprocating pump 'are em ployed instead of the rotary engineand pump.

' In this apparatus the high and low pressure cylinders are horizontal,and in each cylinder the exhaust on each side ofthe reciprocating pistonleads from thelowest part or bottom of the cylinder, so that theliquefied ammonia can be conducted off without difiiculty. The letteredparts in this figure indicate parts which correspond in function to likelettered parts in the preceding figures. The compound engine and pumprequire no detailed description, be-

ingconstructed and arranged in a manner similar to compoundreciprocating steam engines and pumps which have heretofore been used.

*In order to keep the'pumpcylinders cool they are preferably surroundedby a waterjacket, as indicated at E, Fig. 4. The cooling liquid entersat w, and is discharged at one or the other of the openings 14;.

In order to shield. the exhaust-vessel from the heat of surroundingobjects, I inclose it in a metallic tank, J. The confined air withinvessel J forms a good non-conductor of heat.

'It will be found desirablein many cases to have one or more vesselsaccessory to the exhaustvessel, in which a vacuum may be main;

tained or absorbents held for the purpose of relieving theexhaust-vessel or of emptying any part of themachine, as circumstancesmay require. Such a vessel, which may be called an absorber, is shown inFig. 1, at K, placed in the same tank J which contains theexhaustvessel. It is constructed for .the most part like a tubularboiler, the tubes ybeingintended for the circulation of warm water orother heating medium. 'A pipe, z, leadingfrom-the illlllllOIlli\-S[f-l08 of the boiler or exhaust or other suitable part of the apparatusenters the vessel, and is perforated, as shown .at z, tp permit ammoniatopass therefrom into'the vessel, which is to be filled withsomeabsorbentof ammonia. This. vessel is intended to serve as a placewhere the ammonia can be stored temporarily when access is to be had toany part of the interior of the apparatus.

By properly regulating the cocks and valves .with which the apparatus isprovided the ammonia canbediverted into this vessel, where it .will betaken up and held by the absorbent. Whenever it is desired to withdrawthe ammonia therefrom warm water or other heating medium is caused tocirculate through the tubes or heating-space of the vessel. This causesthe vaporization of the ammonia, and said vapor is carried oil by thepump through the valve or cock-controlled pipe z,- which communicates atone end with the upper part of the vessel K and at the other end withthe pipe 9.

I remark that, in lieu of the injector a forcepnmp, such as pump 1, canbe used to force liquid directly from the exhaust into the boiler. Infact, there arev various means-by whichthe equilibrium may bepermanently disturbed, so that the exhaust may, during the operation ofthe engine, discharge into the boiler.

Having described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secure byLetters Patent, 1s V 1. The method of'condensing a liquefiable gas or'vapor '(the product of a liquid of low boiling-point) used as amotor-fluid in a thermo-dynamic engine,\vhich consistsin working saidgas or vapor expansively to the extehtof more or less completeliquefaction in giving motion to the engine, substantially ashereinbefore set forth.

2. The method herein described of using a liqueiiable gas or vapor (theproduct of aliquid of low boiling-point) as a 'motor-fluidfor engines,which consists in working said vapor or gas in the engine cxpansively tothe extent of more or less complete liquefaction, then exhausting thevapor thus liquefied. into'a suitable recciver, thence conveying it to aboiler where it is subjected to the low degree ofheat needed to bring itagaiu'to the condition of a motor gas orvapor, and thence returning itto the engine to again go through the same cycle of operations,substantially as hereinbefore set forth. 3. The combination 'of anengine proper, in

which a liqucfiable gas or vapor is worked expansively to the extent ofliquefaction, so that said engine shall serve not only-as motor, but {3as condenser, a. closed exhaust-vessel which receives the liquefied gasor vapor from the engine-eylinder,a boiler, and means, substantially asdescribed, for forcing the contents of said exhaust-vessel directly tothe boiler, the combination being and acting substantially ashereinbet'ore set forth. 4. In a thermo-dynmnic engine, in which aIiquefiabie gas is used as the motor-fluid, substantially as specified,the combination, with the engine-cylinder, of a closed liquefiedgesreceiver or exhaust-vessel pro ected by a noneondncting covering;from the heat of the environment.

5. In a thermo-dynmnie engine, vessels ascessory to the exhaust-vesselin-whieh a menum may be maintained or absorbents held for the purpose ofrelieving the exhaust-vessel at 4 any moment, or emptying any part ofthe mar 5 chine, as circumstances may demand. substantiaiiy as setforth.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand this 25th day ofFebruary A. D. 1881.

JOHN GAMGEE.

Witnesses E. A. DICK, BAILEY,

